Station5------Football in Brazil

Football is the most popular sport in Brazil, Many people are crazy about football. Football was introduced in Brazil by an English sportsman, Charles Miller. Because all it takes for people to play football is a somewhat large free plain area (of which there is plenty in Brazil) and any kind of round object which can be kicked around (which can be something as cheap as a sock stuffed with rags), the game had a quick widespread in the country. Now i will take  U to go back that age.

The Brazilian national team has been victorious in the FIFA World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002 and is the only team to have never missed a World Cup participation. Pelé, one of the world's most recognized players, led Brazil to three of those championships and is the top scorer of all time in the sport. After the third win, Brazil kept the World Cup trophy permanently. Brazil competed in the 2006 World Cup as one of the favorites to win the competition, however it placed only 5th. Some of the contemporary talents in the national team prominent in the football world include Romário, Rivaldo and Ronaldo. Some of these players can be considered super-stars, achieving celebrity status internationally and signing sports contracts, as well as advertisement and endorsement contracts, in the value of millions of dollars. The current holder of the title of best football player in the world, according to FIFA, is Ronaldinho, who won the FIFA World Player of the Year prize in 2004 and 2005.

reference:http://www.v-brazil.com/culture/sports/world-cup/1962-Chile.html

http://www.v-brazil.com/culture/sports/football.html
http://www.justbrazil.org/brazil/brazil-football.asp

STATION4 OF America: Brazil

Hi, everyone, i think when i meation Brazil, everyone must relation it to football. YES, Brazil is famous for football. I like football, so i like Brazil.
This post i will talk about Brazil history and cluture.
And next post i will give a interesting topic --Brazil football.

The Portuguese were the first European settlers to arrive in the area, led by adventurous Pedro Cabral, who began the colonial period in 1500. The Portuguese reportedly found native Indians numbering around seven million. Most tribes were peripatetic, with only limited agriculture and temporary dwellings, although villages often had as many as 5000 inhabitants. Cultural life appears to have been richly developed, although both tribal warfare and cannibalism were ubiquitous. The few remaining traces of Brazil's Indian tribes reveal little of their lifestyle, unlike the evidence from other Andean tribes. Today, fewer than 200,000 of Brazil's indigenous people survive, most of whom inhabit the jungle areas.

Other Portuguese explorers followed Cabral, in search of valuable goods for European trade but also for unsettled land and the opportunity to escape poverty in Portugal itself.   The only item of value they discovered was the pau do brasil (brazil wood tree) from which they created red dye. Unlike the colonizing philosophy of the Spanish, the Portuguese in Brazil were much less focused at first on conquering, controlling, and developing the country. Most were impoverished sailors, who were far more interested in profitable trade and subsistence agriculture than in territorial expansion. The country's interior remained unexplored.

Nonetheless, sugar soon came to Brazil, and with it came imported slaves.  To a degree unequaled in most of the American colonies, the Portuguese settlers frequently intermarried with both the Indians and the African slaves, and there were also mixed marriages between the Africans and Indians. As a result, Brazil's population is intermingled to a degree that is unseen elsewhere. Most Brazilians possess some combination of European, African, Amerindian, Asian, and Middle Eastern lineage,and this multiplicity of cultural legacies is a notable feature of current Brazilian culture.

The move to open the country's interior coincided with the discovery in the 1690s of gold in the south-central part of the country. The country's gold deposits didn't pan out, however, and by the close of the 18th century the country's focus had returned to the coastal agricultural regions. In 1807, as Napoleon Bonaparte closed in on Portugal's capital city of Lisbon, the Prince Regent shipped himself off to Brazil. Once there, Dom Joao established the colony as the capital of his empire. By 1821 things in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Dom Joao could return  to Lisbon, and  he left his son Dom Pedro I in charge of Brazil. When the king attempted the following year to return Brazil to subordinate status as a colony, Dom Pedro flourished his sword and declared the country's independence from Portugal (and his own independence from his father).

In the 19th century coffee took the place of sugar as Brazil's most important product. The boom in coffee production brought a wave of almost one million European immigrants, mostly Italians, and also brought about the Brazilian republic. In 1889, the wealthy coffee magnates backed a military coup, the emperor fled, and Brazil was no more an imperial country. The coffee planters virtually owned the country and the government for the next thirty years, until the worldwide depression evaporated coffee demand. For the next half century Brazil struggled with governmental instability, military coups, and a fragile economy. In 1989, the country enjoyed its first democratic election in almost three decades. Unfortunately, the Brazilians made the mistake of electing Fernando Collor de Mello. Mello's corruption did nothing to help the economy, but his peaceful removal from office indicated at least that the country's political and governmental structures are stable.

Brazil has the sixth largest population in the world--about 148 million people--which has doubled in the past 30 years. Because of its size,  there are only 15 people per sq. km, concentrated mainly along the coast and in the major cities, where two-thirds of the people now live: over 19 million in greater Sao Paulo and 10 million in greater Rio.

The immigrant Portuguese language was greatly influenced by the numerous Indian and African dialects they encountered, but it remains the dominant language in Brazil today. In fact, the Brazilian dialect has become the dominant influence in the development of the Portuguese language, for the simple reason that Brazil has 15 times the population of Portugal and a much more dynamic linguistic environment.  

Reference:

http://www.geographia.com/brazil/brazihistory.htm

travel to Europe

Do  you guys interested in traveling to Europe? Stop dreaming or jealous others great trip to Europe! Why not have your own plan to Europe? There are some many great places to go and some many good memory you will have. So lets get some advices to plan our own trip to Europe.

Choosing a Tour

• Do some research on tours you thinking of – read other peoples travelogues, look up videos on you-tube, ask questions or use the ‘find’ button on the Contiki forums and read reviews on other web sites – the more you know and the better informed you are the better chance that you’ll get the most out of your tour.

• Work out how much time do you have? – Work, family occasions, and other commitments sometimes effect the amount of free time you have to travel. Having said that, you don’t often have the opportunity to travel so when it comes along – grab it!

• How much time do you want to be away and do you want to spend your entire time on tour or do some independent travel too?

• How long do you want to spend in your gateway (ie starting and finishing) cities? Perhaps plan a few days of sightseeing in your Contiki departure city or maybe even a few days after your tour to take in even more of the sights.

• When do you want to travel? Do you want the beaches and heat of Summer or the colder months of Winter? Crowds? How about a white Christmas, birthday away or a New Years you’ll never forget?

• Who do you want to travel with? Don’t be afraid to travel alone. One thing is for sure – with Contiki you won’t be alone for long as Contiki tours are very social and you’ll soon find that you’re not the only one to be going it alone.

• Determine what style of tour you are interested in. Contiki Tours in the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia are all hotel tours. In Europe however Contiki also offers Camping, Concept/Budget and Time Out/Superior/Hotel Tours – the main difference being the style of accommodation used.

• How much is it going to cost? You should also consider the cost of flights and spending money as well as the cost of your tour.

• Perhaps do some research on the place you will be travelling to. Contiki’s Tour Managers know loads of info about the places you will travel to but if you want to do a little research before hand about the places you will be visiting and what you can get up to there – go for it!

• Read Contiki’s Booking Terms and Conditions

Getting Started on Planning Your Trip

• Apply for passport – This can sometimes be a time consuming process and you can’t travel outside your home country without one. Most Passports are valid for 10 years so even if you don’t plan to travel soon, you will always have it if you do want to visit another country. If you already have one, check the expiry date – usually you will need at least 6 months validity.

• Arrange for any visas that might be required. Travel agents are a good source of information as are our pages on visas for travelling to Europe. The only truly reliable source of information on visa requirements are the consulates of the countries that you plan on visiting and you should check their web sites for the most up-to-date and reliable information on visa requirements.

• Start reading guidebooks, watching travel programs and researching places that you might like to visit on the web. Highlight anything that sounds interesting or that you want to remember.

• Get copies of any prescriptions from your doctor. This is especially important if you are diabetic or have any other condition that requires you to carry needles on you. Bring extra medication with you and keep it in the original bottles.

• Get a copy of the prescription for your glasses or contact lenses in case they go missing while you’re away.

• Check the expiry date on any credit card or debit cards you want to take with you to make sure it will last the length of your trip. Make sure you have a 4 digit PIN number attached to any cards you take with you

• Purchase a small amount of travelers cheques for emergencies.

• Make copies of all important documents. Leave one set with someone at home and take one with you. You can also scan the documents and send it to the email address you are going to use while travelling.

• Purchase travel insurance.

• Buy small locks for every zipper on your pack and day pack.

• Confirm your flight 2 days prior to traveling.

• Pack

Reference:

Choosing and Planning a Tour - Where to Start, contiki,

Last Updated: Nov. 07, 2010, viewed by Dec.22,2010. http://contiki.com.au/contikipedia/articles/choosing-and-planning-a-tour-where-to-start

Fly in Thailand's movies.

  In many people's memeroy, Thailand just a developing country, there may be poor, lack of food and money, but now I think people need to change their idea of Thailand, if you go travel in here, I can promise you must do want turn back!
 I pay my attendence in Thailand because of their movies, in recent years, Thailand's movies are become more and more popular, there are can compared with Janpenses' and Chinese's movies, such as < the thing about first love>, <The Red Eagle>, <soul's code> and so on.

  Dozens of foreign films have been shot in Thailand, with the kingdom either playing itself or standing in for a neighboring country, such as Vietnam or Cambodia.
The availability of elephants, exotic jungle and beach settings, relatively low production costs, and a mature domestic film industry that provides a legion of experienced crew members, have made Thailand an attractive location for many Hollywood films and other foreign productions.
Films set in Thailand include Around the World in Eighty Days, The Big Boss, The Man with the Golden Gun and The Beach. And Thailand has been used as a stand-in setting for such Vietnam War-era films as The Deer Hunter, Good Morning Vietnam, Casualties of War and The Killing Fields.
In addition to providing work for Thai film crews and extras (including the Royal Thai Army), films that use Thailand as a location help Thailand promote itself as a tourist destination. As a result, the Tourism Authority of Thailand is keenly interested in attracting production companies to make films in the Kingdom.
However, over the months, the locations of some films have been criticized as being harmful to the environment. The island used to depict villain's hideout in The Man with the Golden Gun is now a major draw for tourism operators in Phuket's Phang Nga Bay. Environmentalists also protested the filming of The Beach, in which the film crew made alterations to the location that were viewed as damaging. 

History
Hollywood has played an important role in the development of Thailand's film industry. One of the first feature films made in Thailand, 1923's Miss Suwanna of Siam, was a Hollywood co-production, made with the royal assistance of King Vajiravudh, who gave the production free use of his 52 automobiles, 600 horses, use of the Royal Thai Navy, the Grand Palace, the railways, the rice mills, rice fields, coconut groves, canals and elephants.
The 1927 documentary, Chang, by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, was made in Thailand.
In recent years, even the Bollywood film industry has chosen Thailand as location.
For 2005, the Thailand Film Office reported that 497 films and productions earned 1.14 billion baht, a jump from the 441 films and productions that earned 1.13 billion baht in 2004. The line-up in 2005 included 248 documentaries, 188 commercials, 21 feature films, 13 TV series and 27 music videos. The leading foreign films made on location were Japanese, with 161 productions, followed by Europe with 105, the US with 23 and Australia with 20.

Thailand aims to be Asia’s Movie production Hub

Every year, more than 400 foreign productions are shot in Thailand, a country which attracts more and more filming thanks to the diversity of its scenery and the professionalism of its local staff. The government is also expecting an increase of foreign tourist due to the positive impact of movies on the foreign audience.
Everybody knows ‘Bollywood”, the Indian Mecca for filmmakers of the sub continent. But what about ‘Bangkollywood” ? Is it really on his way, or is it just another gimmick bound to fade away ? Even though 2010 started well with more than 110 foreign productions shot in Thailand between January and February, the recent political crisis between the “Red T-shirts” and the government canceled or delayed many shootings. To regain the trust of foreign companies, the government is now preparing tax exemptions for foreign filming in Thailand. According to the Thailand Film Office,  there were 116 foreign movies which were filmed in January and February this year, generating a total income of 213 million THB. Out of this number, 40 were documentaries, 60 advertising movies, 5 feature films, 7 TV movies, and 4 music videos. A majority of the production was from Japan, a total of 33, followed by India, 22, and Europe, 20.

In Thailand, there are many people to choose from when you are making a film. Also, all of the equipment houses are here, so if you need some equipment or lights right away you can get it without stopping the production. Bangkok to me is like the LA of Thailand

says David Winters (The King Maker, 2005)
During 2009, about 500 foreign productions have been shot in the Kingdom, among those were 166 TV commercials, 37 feature movies and 181 documentaries, that brought more that 890 millions of baths. Japan is the most active country in Thailand, followed by India and European countries. Movies like “Star Wars, Episode III”, Oliver Stone’s “Alexander” or “The Beach” were shot in Thailand.

Thailand is one of the most developed countries in South East Asia for audiovisual industry. It has great scenery, good equipment and qualified staff, and with very competitive prices.

explains Alain Brulfert, managing-director of Reperages Group Thailand.
The variety of Thailand’s landscapes offers a wide choice for producers: beaches, modern cities, tropical forests, mountains, almost everywhere can be a potential shooting set, for documentaries as well as fiction movies. A lot of American movies depicting the Vietnam War were also actually shot in Thailand, like the “Rambo” series, “Good Morning Vietnam” or “The Deer Hunter”.

 In the end, we holp you have chance to travel in Thailand and to know more about their move, now Thailand is a new county!!

GO! Japen!

 This station we will go to Japen, many girl like Japen because of their clothes and cosmetic. It is fantastic for people.

 
Japan has over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.
About 70 to 80 percent of the country is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world
 The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taishō democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1935, local assemblies were established in Taiwan. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941. In 1941, Japan signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Soviet Union, respecting both Manchukuo and Mongolian People's Republic territories.

  Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.
Japanese music is eclectic, borrowing instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.

Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremonies.
The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books, the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, and the 8th century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel.
During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).

Shopping in Tokyo

Shopping in Tokyo is a fun thing to do. You can easily find Japanese traditional items and the latest goods in Tokyo. The cost of living in Tokyo can be expensive, but there are many places you can shop inexpensively. Stop by a 100yen shop near you. Daiso is a popular 100 shop chain. 
Shopping hours in Japan is usually from 10 or 11 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m. Most stores are open weekends and holidays except some specialty stores. In Japan, you need to pay 5% consumption tax in addition to the price. Japanese department stores are fun places to shop. They carry many kinds of traditional Japanese goods as well as the latest fashions. Check out the store sales, which are usually held in July, August, December, and January. Food floors in department stores are called "depachika" and are filled with world gourmet food and Japanese regional specialties. Also visiting flea markets in Tokyo might be fun.

Tokyo Shopping Spots:

• Great Places for Shopping in Ginza Area
  (Tokyo Subway Ginza Station / JR Yurakucho Station)
  Ginza is the high-scale shopping district in Tokyo with lots of well-known department stores.
• Great Places for Shopping in Shinjuku Area
  (JR Shinjuku Station)
  Shinjuku is a great area with large discount electric shops and famous department stores. Check out the underground shopping area at the Shinjuku Station as well.
• Great Places for Shopping in Harajuku/Aoyama Area
  (JR Harajuku Station / Tokyo Subway Meiji Jingu-mae / Omotesando Station)
  Harajuku is a fun shopping area for young people. Especially, lots of small shops which sell inexpensive fashion items are located in the Takeshitadori Street. High-scale stores are located in Omotesando Street.
• Great Places for Shopping in Shibuya Area
  (JR or Tokyo Subway Shibuya Station)
  Shibuya is a busy shopping and entertainment district which is popular for Japanese young people.
• Great Places for Shopping in Roppongi Area Tokyo Midtown
  Roppongi Hills
• Great Places for Shopping in Marunouchi Area Tokyo Marunouchi Building
• Great Places for Shopping in Odaiba VinusFort Aqua City Odaiba Decks Tokyo Beach

The end, I hope you can enjoy this shopping travel~

Europe fashion at differnet ages

 Some old fashion things like clothing, accerary, ornaments come back to our life and people more prefer old stuffs. When we look back old fashion, we may find it is still falblous. Today we will come back to differnet ages of Europe to know some fashion's history such as mini skirts, bell-bottoms and the androgynous hippie.

1970s in fashion

1970s fashion, which began with a continuation of the mini skirts, bell-bottoms and the androgynous hippie look from the late 1960s, was soon sharply characterized by several distinct fashion trends that have left an indelible image of the decade commemorated in popular culture. These include platform shoes which appeared on the fashion scene in 1971 and often had soles 2–4 inches thick. These were worn by both men and women. Wide-legged, flared jeans and trousers were another fashion mainstay for both sexes throughout most of the decade, and this style has been immortalised in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever which starred John Travolta. The "disco look", complete with three-piece suits for men and wrap-around rayon or jersey dresses for women, which the film launched, lasted until it was gradually replaced by punk fashion and straight, cigarette-legged jeans. Platform shoes gave way to mules and ankle-strapped shoes, both reminiscent of the 1940s, at the very end of the decade.

1980s in fashion

While in the 1970s, the silhouette of fashion tended to be characterized by close fitting clothes on top with wider, looser clothes on the bottom, this trend completely reversed itself in the early 1980s as both men and women began to wear looser shirts and tight, close-fitting pants. Men wore power suits as a result of the greater tendency for people to display their wealth. Brand names became increasingly important in this decade, making Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein household names.

During the Like A Virgin era, Madonna was titled the "Material Girl" and so many young girls around the world looked to her for fashion statements. The popular 1983 movie Flashdance made ripped sweatshirts well-known in the general public. The television shows Dallas and, in particular, Dynasty also had a similar impact, especially in the area of the increasingly oversized shoulder pads.

1990's in fashion

'90s Fashion: Cute Baby Wear

If you needed fashion advice, you could've turned to Cher, the fashion expert in Clueless (it was one of the most popular teen comedies in the '90s). The schoolgirl look of baby doll dresses with puffed sleeves and thigh-high stockings became popular because of this movie. Also popular were slip dresses worn over T-shirts.

'90s Fashion: Bright and Baggy

Denim was all the rage throughout the '90s, but not in the way you think. The bigger and more colorful the jeans, the cooler they were. Baggy jeans, made famous by hip hop stars, and colored jeans in red, green or indigo were seen on every '90s kid. Also popular were overalls, which could be worn in two ways - hooking one strap and letting the other hang open, or unhooking both straps and wearing a belt to keep the overalls from falling off.

Reference:

1970's fashion, Wikipedia, viewed by 21,December,2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970's fashion

1980's fashion,Wikipedia, viewed by 21,December,2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980's fashion

1990's fashion, Wikipedia, viewed by 21,December,2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990's fashion

Station 3 of America: Canada

Hi, GUYS, today is our station 3, Canada which is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.

The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies and helped to fuel the American Revolution.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. Around 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States to Canada.New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later the province of Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected Legislative Assembly.

Here is a video, you can know more about Canada from it.


Enjoy this station, Beautiful country.  Next station, we will go to south of America.


Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada
       http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_dr0ZVRvR0

Station 2 of Asian:Qing Dynast of China

  After the ancient Egypt we go to my country China, as we know, there is a long history of China, many interested palce and story, the reason why I chosen Qing dynast is that Qing was a key of our country's history. And I like the building of Qing dynast, it is fantastic.

 
The Qing Dynasty  also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
During its reign the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The dynasty reached its height in the 18th century, during which both territory and population were increased. However, its military power weakened thereafter and faced with massive rebellions and defeat in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. The Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, when the Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated on behalf of the last emperor, Puyi, on February 12, 1912.

Kangxi emperor and consolidation
At sixty one years, Kangxi had the longest reign of any Chinese Emperor. But more importantly, apart from its length, Kangxi’s reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era called "Kang-Qian Golden Age" , also known as "High Qing", during which the Qing Dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi’s long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. In order to prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of imperial powers during the period of regency, Emperor Shunzhi on his deathbed hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers—Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi—were chosen for their long service to the emperor, but also to counteract each others' influences. Most importantly, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi—the most junior of the four ministers—was able to achieve political dominance to such an extent as to become a potential threat to the crown. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him to come into ever escalating conflict with the young Emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi—a not insignificant victory for the fifteen-year-old Emperor, as Oboi was not only a wily old politician but also an experienced military commander.

The Manchus found controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defence network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, ennobled as feudal princes ,and given governorships over vast territories in Southern China. The chief of these was Wu Sangui , who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong  were given the Guangdong and Fujian provinces, respectively.

Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors
The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723–1735) and his son the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796) marked the height of Qing's power. During this period, the Qing Dynasty ruled over 13 million square kilometres of territory.
After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son Prince Yong succeeded him as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yongzheng remained a controversial character because of rumours about him usurping the throne, and in the late Kangxi years, he was involved in great political struggles with his brothers. Yongzheng was a hardworking administrator who ruled with an iron hand. His first big step towards a stronger regime came when he brought the State Examination System back to its original standards. In 1724, he cracked down on illegal exchange rates of coins, which was being manipulated by officials to fit their financial needs. Those who were found in violation of new laws on finances were removed from office, or in extreme cases, executed.
Yongzheng showed a great amount of trust in Han officials, and appointed many of his proteges to prestigious positions. Nian Gengyao was appointed to lead a military campaign in place of his brother Yinti in Qinghai.
More territory was incorporated in the northwest. Starting in 1727, Qing imperial residents were stationed in Lhasa, and commanded over Qing garrisons in Tibet. A toughened stance was directed toward corrupt officials, and Yongzheng led the creation of a grand council, which grew to become the de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty.
The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735. This was followed by the succession of his son Prince Baoas the Qianlong Emperor. Qianlong was known as an able general. Succeeding the throne at the age of 24, Qianlong personally led the military in campaigns near Xinjiang and Mongolia. Revolts and uprisings in Sichuan and parts of southern China were successfully put down, and the control over Tibet was strengthened.
Qianlong Emperor also launched several ambitious cultural projects, such as the compilation of Siku Quanshu, or Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history as well as the largest series of books ever edited by the feudal authority.Nevertheless, Qianlong had used literary inquisition to silence opposition. The accusation of individuals began with the emperor's own interpretation of the true meaning of the corresponding words. If the emperor decided these were derogatory or cynical towards the dynasty, persecution would begin. Literary inquisition began with isolated cases in Shunzhi and Kangxi times, but had become a pattern during Qianlong's reign, during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution During the late years of Qianlong's reign, the Qing government saw a return of rampant corruption. The official Heshen was arguably one of the most corrupt in the entire Qing Dynasty. He was eventually forced into committing suicide by Qianlong's son, the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820).
In 1796 open rebellion by the White Lotus Society against the Qing government broke out. The White Lotus Rebellion continued for eight years, until 1804, and marked a turning point in the history of the Qing Dynasty.

Rule of Empress Dowager Cixi
The Empress Dowager Cixi (Tsu hsi), concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861) came to power in 1861 during the Xinyou coup, when, with the help of Prince Gong, she ousted eight regents (led by Sushun) whom the Xianfeng emperor had appointed on his deathbed to rule for the child emperor Tongzhi, Cixi's son. For 47 years in the Tongzhi era (1862–1874) and during the reign of her nephew the Guangxu Emperor (1875–1908), Cixi was the de facto ruler of China and the Qing empire. She was known for "ruling from behind the curtain" .
From 1889 to 1898, the dowager lived in the summer palace in semi-retirement. After losing to Japan in the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the young Emperor Guangxu initiated the 'Hundred Days Reform'. The dowager then returned to the Imperial Court to call off the emperor's reform, and at the same time put him under house arrest and ordered eunuchs faithful to her to keep watch.
In 1899, she supported the Boxer Rebellion, during which thousands of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were killed; some were beheaded or skinned alive.^{[citation needed]} Tens of thousands of Chinese Christian converts were also killed.
When the troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance marched into Peking, she fled the capital only to accept peace terms by paying the foreign powers huge amounts of silver. Before her death, on November 15, 1908, she allegedly ordered her trusted eunuchs to poison the emperor.

Fall of the dynasty
The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 brought an end to over 2,000 years of imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combined with a widespread criticism of Chinese culture led to questioning and doubt about the future. China's turbulent history since the overthrow of the Qing may be understood at least in part as an attempt to understand and recover significant aspects of historic Chinese culture and integrate them with influential new ideas that have emerged within the last century.^{[citation needed]} In the 1930s, Imperial Japan invaded Manchuria (Manchu's homeland) and founded Manchukuo in 1934, with Puyi, as the nominal regent and emperor. After the invasion by the Soviet Union, Manchukuo collapsed in 1945.

  Qing was the ending of Ancient China History, it is so important of China and their person.


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